Thursday, April 30, 2009

Posted: 30 April 2009 SWINE INFLUENZA A/H1N1 VIRUS CASE DEFINITIONS

SWINE INFLUENZA A/H1N1 VIRUS CASE DEFINITIONS

The following case definitions are for the purpose of reporting, suspected, probable and confirmed cases of Swine Influenza A/H1N1 virus infection to CPRC, Disease Control Division.

1. A Suspected Case of Swine Influenza virus infection is defined as an individual after 17th of April 2009, presenting with

a. high fever >38°C, AND

b. One or more of the following respiratory symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, body ache, difficulty in breathing, AND

c. One or more of the following: close contact with a person diagnosed as Swine Influenza OR recent travel to an area reporting cases of confirmed Swine Influenza

(Acute febrile respiratory illness (fever > 38 °C) with the spectrum of disease from influenza-like illness to pneumonia)

2. A Probable Case of Swine Influenza A/H1 virus infection is defined as an individual that fulfill the criteria for a suspected case, with an influenza test that is positive for influenza A, but is unsubtypable by reagents used to detect seasonal influenza virus infection

OR

An individual with a clinically compatible illness or who died of an unexplained acute respiratory illness who is considered to be epidemiologically linked to a probable or confirmed case.

3. A Confirmed Case of Swine Influenza A/H1N1 virus infection is defined as an individual with laboratory confirmed Swine Influenza A/H1N1 virus infection by one or more of the following tests*:

d. real-time RT-PCR

e. viral culture

f. four-fold rise in swine influenza A(H1N1) virus specific neutralizing antibodies

* Note: The test(s) should be performed according to the most currently available guidance on testing.

Definition of cluster

A cluster is defined as two or more persons presenting with manifestations of unexplained, acute respiratory illness with fever > 38ºC or who died of an unexplained respiratory illness that are detected with onset of illness within a period of 14 days and in the same geographical area and/or are epidemiologically linked.

Triggers/signals

The primary focus of early investigation is to trigger the initial investigation. Specific triggers include:

Clusters of cases of unexplained ILI or acute lower respiratory disease

Severe, unexplained respiratory illness occurring in one or more health care workers who provide care for patients with respiratory disease

Changes in the epidemiology of mortality associated with the occurrence of ILI or lower respiratory tract illness, an increase in deaths observed from respiratory illness or an increase in the occurrence of severe respiratory disease in previously healthy adults or adolescents

Persistent changes noted in the treatment response or outcome of severe lower respiratory illness.

#Close contact: having cared for, lived with, or had direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a probable or confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1).

Prepared by:

Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre

Ministry of Health Malaysia

29 April 2009

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SWINE INFLUENZA - THE CURRENT WHO PHASE OF PANDEMIC ALERT IS 5

CURRENT WHO PHASE OF PANDEMIC ALERT SUMMARY OF STRATEGIC ACTIONS. THE CURRENT WHO PHASE OF PANDEMIC ALERT IS 5.



Adapted from WHO website http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/phase/en/index.html

Prepared by:

Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC)

Ministry of Health Malaysia

29 April 2009

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Wednesday, April 29, 2009

Swine Influenza (FAQs) 猪流感常见问题 SELESEMA BABI Soalan-soalan Lazim

Swine Influenza

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Swine Influenza?

Swine influenza (Swine Flu), is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs, caused by influenza A viruses that regularly causes diseases and outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine Flu viruses causes high level of illness (high morbidity) and low death rates (low mortality) at about 1-4 % in pigs. The mode of spreads of this virus among pigs is by aerosols and direct and indirect contact, and asymptomatic carrier pigs exist. In temperate countries, outbreaks in pigs occur throughout the year with an increased incidence in the fall and winter similar to outbreaks in humans.

2. How many Swine Flu viruses are there?

Swine Flu viruses change constantly as other influenza viruses. There are four main influenza A virus subtypes been isolated in pigs. Those viruses are most commonly of the H1N1 subtype, but other subtypes are also circulating in pigs (e.g., H1N2, H3N1, H3N2). Pigs can also be infected with avian influenza viruses and human seasonal influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. The H3N2 swine virus was thought to have been originally introduced into pigs by humans. Sometimes pigs can be infected with more than one virus type at a time, which can allow the genes from these viruses to mix resulting in an influenza virus containing genes from a number of sources, called a “reassortant” virus. Although swine influenza viruses are normally species specific and only infect pigs, they do sometimes cross the species barrier to cause disease in humans.

Most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.

3. Where have human cases occurred?

Since the implementation of IHR (2005) in 2007, WHO has been notified of swine influenza cases from the United States and Spain.

4. What are the signs and symptoms of Swine Flu in people?

The symptoms of Swine Flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular Human Flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhoea and vomiting associated with Swine Flu. In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with Swine Flu infection in people. Like Seasonal Flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions.

5. Is it safe to eat pork and pork products?

Yes. There is no evidence that Swine Flu can be transmitted through eating properly handled and prepared pork (pig meat) or other products derived from pigs. However, it is essential to cook pig meat properly. The swine influenza virus is killed by cooking temperatures of 160°F/70°C, corresponding to the general guidance for the preparation of pork and other meat.

6. How do people become infected?

Swine Flu does not normally infect humans, although sporadic cases do occur. People usually get swine influenza through contact with infected pigs, or environments contaminated with Swine Flu viruses. However, some human cases lack contact history with pigs or environments where pigs have been located. Human-to-human transmission has been documented in some instances but was limited to close contacts and closed groups of people.

7. Is there a human vaccine to protect from swine influenza?

No. Current seasonal influenza vaccine produced based on WHO recommendation does not contain swine influenza virus. It is unknown whether the seasonal vaccines can provide any cross protection to ongoing swine influenza virus infection in the United States and Mexico.

8. What drugs are available for treatment?

Most of the previously reported swine influenza cases recovered fully from the disease without requiring medical attention and without antiviral medicines.

9. How long can an infected person spread Swine Flu to others?

People with swine influenza virus infection should be considered potentially contagious as long as they are symptomatic and possible for up to 7 days following illness onset. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods.

10. What can I do to protect myself from getting sick?

There is no vaccine available right now to protect against Swine Flu. There are certain actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza such as:

Cover your nose and mouth with a disposable tissue or handkerchief when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the waste basket after you use it.

- Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.

- Try to avoid close contact with sick people.

- If you get sick with influenza, stay at home and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.

- Consult your nearest health care facilities

For more information please call Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC),

Ministry of Health Malaysia at 03–88810200/88810300 or email cprc@moh.gov.my

27 April 2009

SELESEMA BABI (SWINE INFLUENZA)

Soalan-soalan Lazim

1. Apakah Selesema Babi?

Selesema Babi adalah penyakit respiratori akut yang berjangkit daripada babi dan disebabkan oleh virus influenza A.

Di kalangan babi, virus ini tersebar melalui titisan air dan hubungan secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Ia juga boleh tersebar melalui babi yang asimptomatik (tidak mempunyai sebarang gejala penyakit tetapi membawa virus Selesema Babi).

2. Berapakah subtypes (jenis) Virus Selesema Babi yang wujud?

Virus Selesema Babi sentiasa berubah seperti virus influenza yang lain. Terdapat 4 subtypes utama virus influenza A yang diasingkan daripada haiwan ini iaitu H1N1 (virus yang biasa ditemui pada babi), H1N2, H3N1 dan H3N2. Babi boleh dijangkiti virus Avian Influenza (Selesema Burung), virus influenza bermusim manusia, serta virus Swine Influenza (Selesema Babi).

Babi boleh dijangkiti lebih daripada satu jenis virus pada satu masa. Ini menyebabkan gen virus tersebut bercampur dan menghasilkan virus influenza yang mengandungi gen daripada pelbagai sumber, dikenali sebagai virus yang bercampur (reassortant).

Walaupun virus Selesema Babi pada kebiasaannya adalah spesis yang spesifik dan hanya menjangkiti babi, namun, virus ini boleh menyebabkan penyakit di kalangan manusia.

Terbaru, virus influenza yang diasingkan daripada babi telah dikenal pasti sebagai virus H1N1.

3. Di manakah kes jangkitan terhadap manusia pernah terjadi?

Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia telah menerima laporan kes Selesema Babi dari Amerika Syarikat dan Sepanyol.

4. Apakah tanda dan gejala Selesema Babi pada manusia?

Tanda dan gejala Selesema Babi pada manusia adalah serupa dengan gejala selesema manusia termasuk demam, batuk, sakit tekak, sakit-sakit badan, sakit kepala serta badan berasa sejuk dan lesu.

Terdapat juga sesetengah kes yang mengalami cirit birit dan muntah.

5. Adakah babi dan produknya selamat untuk dimakan?

Ya. Tiada bukti mengaitkan Selesema Babi boleh dipindahkan melalui makanan sekiranya daging atau produk babi disediakan atau dimasak secara betul. Virus Selesema Babi boleh dihapuskan dengan suhu masakan 160°F/70°C, sejajar dengan panduan am bagi menyediakan daging babi dan daging lain.

6. Bagaimana manusia boleh dijangkiti?

Manusia selalunya dijangkiti Selesema Babi melalui hubungan langsung dengan babi atau persekitaran yang dijangkiti virus Selesema Babi. Terdapat juga kes di mana manusia yang dijangkiti tidak mempunyai sejarah hubungan secara langsung dengan haiwan ini atau persekitarannya. Jangkitan manusia kepada manusia yang telah dilaporkan adalah terhad kepada hubungan secara langsung.

7. Adakah terdapat vaksin bagi melindungi manusia daripada jangkitan Selesema Babi?

Tiada. Vaksin influenza bermusim yang dihasilkan mengikut cadangan Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia tidak mengandungi virus Selesema Babi. Tidak juga diketahui sama ada vaksin bermusim boleh menyediakan perlindungan silang bagi mencegah jangkitan virus Selesema Babi.

8. Apakah rawatan bagi Selesema Babi?

Kebanyakkan kes Selesema Babi yang dilaporkan sebelum ini pulih sepenuhnya daripada penyakit itu tanpa memerlukan rawatan dan antiviral.

9. Berapakah tempoh masa jangkitan Selesema Babi daripada manusia kepada manusia yang lain?

Mereka yang dijangkiti virus Selesema Babi boleh menyebarkan penyakit ini selagi mereka mempunyai gejala penyakit dan boleh berlanjutan selama 7 hari daripada tarikh mendapat jangkitan (onset).

Kanak-kanak, terutamanya yang masih kecil, berpotensi menyebarkan penyakit ini pada tempoh yang lebih panjang.

10. Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk melindungi diri anda daripada sakit?

Elakkan penyebaran kuman penyebab penyakit respiratori seperti selesema.

Ambil langkah-langkah berikut:

- Jika anda batuk atau bersin:

Lindungi hidung dan mulut anda dengan tisu atau sapu tangan

Buang tisu yang telah digunakan di bakul sampah

Basuh tangan dengan sabun dan air bersih

- Amalkan kebersihan diri. Basuh tangan dengan kerap menggunakan sabun dan air, terutamanya selepas anda batuk. Pembersih tangan berasaskan alkohol sangat berkesan.

- Cuba elakkan berhubung rapat dengan mereka yang sakit.

- Jika anda sakit kerana selesema, duduk di rumah dan hadkan hubungan dengan orang lain bagi memastikan anda tidak menjangkiti mereka.

- Elakkan daripada menyentuh mata, hidung atau mulut anda.

- Segera dapatkan rawatan di kemudahan kesihatan berdekatan sekiranya anda mengalami tanda dan gejala penyakit setelah pulang dari negara atau kawasan yang dijangkiti Selesema Babi.

Bagi maklumat lanjut, sila hubungi Bilik Gerakan CPRC Kebangsaan, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia di talian 03–8881 0200 / 03-8881 0300 atau e-mel ke cprc@moh.gov.my

27 April 2009

猪流感常见问题

1. 何谓猪流感?

猪流感(swine influenza)是一种发生在猪身上的高度传染性急性呼吸道疾病,

它是由A 型流感病毒引起。猪流感在猪中的发病率较高,但死亡率较低,仅为

1%至4%。猪流感在猪之间主要通过空气悬浮颗粒、直接或间接接触、携带猪流

感病毒但无症状的猪传播。猪流感常年都可能发生,在温带地区秋冬季节发病率

会更高。

2. 猪流感病毒有多少类型?

猪流感病毒就像其他流感病毒经常变化,大多是A/H1N1 型,但其他亚型也会在

猪中传播,例如H1N2、H3N1、H3N2。除猪流感病毒之外,猪也会感染禽流感病

毒和人流感病毒。有时,猪会同时感染不止一种类型的流感病毒,使得来自不同

类型病毒的基因融合,产生所谓的“重组”流感病毒。通常,猪流感病毒具有“物

种特异性”,只感染猪,但有时也会跨越物种障碍,使人感染发病。

3.人类感染猪流感曾于何地发生?

自2007 年开始执行《国际卫生条例(2005)》以来,世界卫生组织曾接到美国和

西班牙发生人感染猪流感的通报。

4. 猪流感有哪些症状?

猪流感的症状与其他流感症状类似,如高热、咳嗽、喉咙疼痛、乏力、厌食等。

另有报道说,此次美国发现病例的主要表现为突然发热、咳嗽、肌肉痛和疲倦,

其中一些患者还出现腹泻和呕吐症状;墨西哥发现的病例还出现眼睛发红、头痛

和流涕等症状。

重者会引发肺炎和呼吸衰竭,甚至死亡。

5. 猪肉及猪肉产品是否安全食用?

至今尚未有证据证明,猪流感可以通过食用病猪的肉传播。专家指出,猪流感病

毒害怕高温,食用烧熟的猪肉不会感染猪流感,猪肉加热至华氏160 度或摄氏

70 度,就能杀死猪流感病毒。人不会因吃猪肉或猪产品感染猪流感。

6. 人类如何感染猪流感?

通常,人类很少感染猪流感病毒。但近年也发现一些人类感染猪流感的病例,患

者大多为与病猪有过直接接触,或从猪流感病毒传播的环境中受感染。人传人的

病例,只局限于直接接触病毒者。

7. 目前是否有疫苗可预防猪流感?

没有。现有根据世界卫生组织建议生产的季节性流感疫苗,并不包含猪流感疫苗。

季节性流感疫苗,能否提供交叉防护,有效抑制猪流感病毒,亦未可知。

8. 有何药物可治猪流感?

在这之前,猪流感患者大多自动康复,无需通过医疗或服用抗病毒药物。

9. 人际传染可持续多久?

猪流感患者在发病后的首2 至3 天传染性最强,传染期甚至可能长达7 天。孩童

的传染期可能更长。

10. 有何方法可预防猪流感?

避免感染呼吸道疾病如流感,并采取以下措施:

- 咳嗽或打喷嚏时,用纸巾或手帕遮住口鼻,然后弃之于垃圾桶,再用肥皂和

清水洗手。

- 注意个人卫生,经常用肥皂和清水洗手,尤其是咳嗽和打喷嚏后。使用含有

酒精的洗手剂也有效。

- 避免接近病人。

- 如果你感染流感,最好不要外出,避免传播病毒,同时不要触摸眼、鼻、口。

- 如果你从爆发猪流感的国家或地区回来,并出现感染猪流感症状,请即就医。

欲知更多详情,请联络卫生部危机预案与应对中心(Crisis Preparedness and

Response Centre),电话:03-88810200 及03-88810300 或电邮cprc@moh.gov.my。

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Wednesday, April 22, 2009

Check Your Elector Registration Status

HOW TO CHECK YOUR REGISTRATION STATUS ?

A registered elector can check his or her registration status via internet at www.spr.gov.my

ON-LINE CHECKING OF ELECTROL ROLL

Checking electoral roll to ascertain polling centre and polling stream.

Please click : http://daftarj.spr.gov.my/daftarj/ to check.

如何检查您的选民身份 ?

己登记选民可以通过選委會互联网 www.spr.gov.my 检查

检查您的选区及投票地点

请点击 : http://daftarj.spr.gov.my/daftarj/

BAGAIMANA HENDAK MENYEMAK STATUS PENDAFTARAN ANDA ?

Seseorang pemilih berdaftar boleh menyemak status pendaftaran melalui internet di www.spr.gov.my

SEMAKAN DAFTAR PEMILIH SECARA 'ON-LINE'

Semakan daftar pemilih untuk mengetahui pusat mengundi dan saluran mengundi.

Sila klick : http://daftarj.spr.gov.my/daftarj/ untuk semak

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Companies & Businesses Registered in year 2007

Jumlah Syarikat dan Perniagaan Yang Didaftarkan sehinnga tahun 2007, Malaysia – syarikat tempatan, syarikat asing, jumlah syarikat, jumlah perniagaan. Total Number of Companies and Businesses Registered for year 2007, Malaysia, local companies, foreign companies, total number of companies, total number of business.

Total Number of Companies and Businesses Registered

Local Companies

Foreign Companies

Total Number of Companies

Total Number of Businesses

Up to 31 December 2006

752,074

4,172

756,246

3,280,853

2007

Q1

9,831

10

9,841

59,000

Q2

11,318

17

11,335

58,167

Q3

11,128

10

11,138

56,158

Q4

11,002

23

11,025

52,361

GRAND TOTAL

795,353

4,232

799,585

3,506,539

Jumlah Syarikat dan Perniagaan Yang Didaftarkan

Syarikat Tempatan

Syarikat Asing

Jumlah Syarikat

Jumlah Perniagaan

Sehingga 31 Disember 2006

752,074

4,172

756,246

3,280,853

2007

Q1

9,831

10

9,841

59,000

Q2

11,318

17

11,335

58,167

Q3

11,128

10

11,138

56,158

Q4

11,002

23

11,025

52,361

JUMLAH KESELURUHAN

795,353

4,232

799,585

3,506,539

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Source Dest.: http://www.my-hut.com/default2.asp?tree=558

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Public Holiday Year 2008 - Malaysia


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School Calendar Year 2008 - Malaysia

School Calendar Year 2008

Group A

Term

Holiday and School Day

Begin

End

Days

I

School Day

02.01.2008

06.03.2008

47

Mid-Term Holiday

07.03.2008

15.03.2008

9

School Day

16.03.2008

22.05.2008

50

Mid-Year Holiday

23.05.2008

07.06.2008

16

II

School Day

08.06.2008

14.08.2008

50

Mid-Term Holiday

15.08.2008

23.08.2008

9

School Day

24.08.2008

13.11.2008

60

Final Year Holiday

14.11.2008

03.01.2009

50

Total

291

Total of School Days including Public Holidays

207

Total of Term Holiday Days

84

Group B

Term

Holiday and School Day

Begin

End

Days

I

School Day

03.01.2008

07.03.2008

47

Mid-Term Holiday

08.03.2008

16.03.2008

9

School Day

17.03.2008

23.05.2008

50

Mid-Year Holiday

24.05.2008

08.06.2008

16

II

School Day

09.06.2008

15.08.2008

50

Mid-Term Holiday

16.08.2008

24.08.2008

9

School Day

25.08.2008

14.11.2008

60

Final Year Holiday

15.11.2008

04.01.2009

50

Total

291

Total of School Days including Public Holidays

207

Total of Term Holiday Days

84

Group A

Group B

  • Kedah
  • Kelantan
  • Terengganu
  • Perlis
  • Penang
  • Perak
  • Selangor
  • Negri Sembilan
  • Malacca
  • Johore
  • Pahang
  • Sabah
  • Sarawak
  • Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory
  • Labuan Federal Territory
  • Putrajaya Federal Territory

Kalendar Persekolahan Tahun 2008

Kumpulan A

Penggal

Cuti dan Hari Persekolahan

Mula

Akhir

Hari

I

Hari Persekolahan

02.01.2008

06.03.2008

47

Cuti Pertengahan Penggal

07.03.2008

15.03.2008

9

Hari Persekolahan

16.03.2008

22.05.2008

50

Cuti Pertengahan Tahun

23.05.2008

07.06.2008

16

II

Hari Persekolahan

08.06.2008

14.08.2008

50

Cuti Pertengahan Penggal

15.08.2008

23.08.2008

9

Hari Persekolahan

24.08.2008

13.11.2008

60

Cuti Akhir Tahun

14.11.2008

03.01.2009

50

Jumlah

291

Jumlah Hari Persekolahan Termasuk Cuti Am

207

Jumlah Hari Cuti Penggal

84

Kumpulan B

Penggal

Cuti dan Hari Persekolahan

Mula

Akhir

Hari

I

Hari Persekolahan

03.01.2008

07.03.2008

47

Cuti Pertengahan Penggal

08.03.2008

16.03.2008

9

Hari Persekolahan

17.03.2008

23.05.2008

50

Cuti Pertengahan Tahun

24.05.2008

08.06.2008

16

II

Hari Persekolahan

09.06.2008

15.08.2008

50

Cuti Pertengahan Penggal

16.08.2008

24.08.2008

9

Hari Persekolahan

25.08.2008

14.11.2008

60

Cuti Akhir Tahun

15.11.2008

04.01.2009

50

Jumlah

291

Jumlah Hari Persekolahan Termasuk Cuti Am

207

Jumlah Hari Cuti Penggal

84

Kumpulan A

Kumpulan B

  • Kedah
  • Kelantan
  • Terengganu
  • Perlis
  • Pulau Pinang
  • Perak
  • Selangor
  • Negeri Sembilan
  • Melaka
  • Johor
  • Pahang
  • Sabah
  • Sarawak
  • Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur
  • Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan
  • Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya

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